Blake And Swift Essay Research Paper 18th free essay sample

Blake And Swift Essay, Research Paper eighteenth century London, it seems, was non a metropolis of beauty or hilarity ; that is, at least, for the poets William Blake and Jonathan Swift. Blake # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; London # 8221 ; and Swift # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; A Description of a City Shower # 8221 ; are both verse forms in which the pervading subject is one of a dark, suffering metropolis. London is portrayed as a cold and irreclaimable metropolis in both the 1710 verse form of Swift, and the 1793 verse form of Blake. These plants, over 80 old ages apart, are so strikingly similar in their subjects and concentrate that it is apparent that English society, particularly that in metropoliss, had changed little, retaining its oppressive societal order. Blake and Swift, acutely cognizant of such jobs, use their poesy to do scathing societal commentaries. Blake # 8217 ; s blue # 8220 ; London # 8221 ; connects assorted characters and socio/political establishments in order to review the unfairnesss perpetrated in England. The busy, commercial metropolis of London maps as a infinite in which the talker can conceive of the ineluctable connexions between societal establishments and the citizens of that society. Although separated by differences of category and gender, the citizens of London brush up against each other so that the wretchedness of the hapless and dispossessed is a direct indictment of the unfeelingness of the rich and powerful, and besides the establishments of province and faith. The talker of the verse form emphasizes the societal and economic differences that separate the citizens of London. By reiterating the word # 8220 ; chartered # 8221 ; in the first two lines, he reminds the reader of the commercial nature of the metropolis, the fact that parts of it are owned ( even the river Thames ) , and that non everyone has equal entree to goods or belongings. Even though there is a distinguishable separation of category and prosperity, Blake notices # 8220 ; Markss of failing, Markss of suffering # 8230 ; in every voice # 8230 ; the mind-forged handcuffs # 8221 ; ( lines 4-5, 7-8 ) . The agony is cosmopolitan, obviously brought on by the foolishness of adult male himself. Man creates industry and thereby sentences himself to its wretchednesss, which neither the rich nor the hapless can get away. The people of London are believing and experiencing their environment to an acute degree, and this is what is doing their dark status. Such a subject of the catholicity of agony is apparent in Swift # 8217 ; s verse form every bit good. # 8220 ; A Description of a City Shower # 8221 ; describes a sudden shower and dramas on the reactions of the people caught in it. Susan takes down her linens from the line, adult females crowd into shops and make-believe to peruse the goods, and Tories and Whigs # 8220 ; bury their feuds, and articulation to salvage their wigs # 8221 ; ( line 41 ) . All the people of the metropolis are placed in the same place: they must happen shelter from the shower, no one better off than the other. He goes on to discourse the unbelievable malodor and crud of the London cloacas, and this serves its intent as good. Swift describes what can be found drifting up out of the cloacas when there is a cloudburst ( dead cats, Brassica rapa tops, meatmans # 8217 ; garbages, etc. ) . The consequence is to level all the pretenses of the street # 8217 ; s human inhabitants to a more soiled, animalistic sense of humanity. The gross outing things that spring from the metropolis troughs during the rain ser vice to extinguish the semblance of difference between the people and coerce them to admit their cardinal similarities. The politically and economically divided London seems to a chief focal point for both Swift and Blake. Blake # 8217 ; s usage of the word # 8220 ; prohibition # 8221 ; in line 6 can hold many intensions. The word prohibition can intend a political prohibition, a expletive, or an proclamation of matrimony. The political or societal significance is an obvious one in this verse form, Blake # 8217 ; s disfavor of the rampant commerce and the focal point on scientific discipline and engineering is non a concealed docket. Society # 8217 ; s narrow and aggressive chase of material things was in direct misdemeanor with Blake # 8217 ; s devotedness to the religious and natural, yet provided an of import duality that is apparent in much of his work. Commercialism, so it would look, is a expletive on the really people who are profiting from it because it prevents them from happening a true and permanent felicity. This # 8220 ; prohibition # 8221 ; that Blake speaks of can besides be thought of as a expletive in another sense. And, accordingly, another intension of expletive during that clip was genital disease. This, every bit good as the disease # 8217 ; s relation to matrimony comes up subsequently in the verse form. All things in Blake # 8217 ; s verse forms are interconnected, and the talker # 8217 ; s accent on the tightly knit matrix of London # 8217 ; s citizens becomes more specific in the last two stanzas of the verse form. In stanza three, he connects the wretchedness of the chimney expanse to the lip service of the church and the agony of soldiers for the policies of the province. Blake begins this stanza talking about # 8220 ; how the chimney sweepers cry every black # 8217 ; ning church appals # 8221 ; ( lines 9-10 ) . The supposedly pure, pristine establishment of the church is really soiling itself by utilizing these immature male childs to clean its chimneys. Blake so refers to the # 8220 ; hapless soldier # 8217 ; s sigh tallies in blood down castle walls # 8221 ; ( lines 11-12 ) . Possibly in mention to the war with France, the irony and blunt disapproval of Blake is most likely intended for the royal household. The soldiers give their lives for a state that allows them to populate in low poorness, while the state # 8217 ; s swayers live behind the safe luxury of the castle walls. In the 4th stanza, the talker offers the most startling connexion between two apparently separate citizens or in stitutions. In this stanza Blake speaks of the â€Å"youthful harlot’s curse† ( line14 ) . These immature, hapless, and optionless misss were frequently the spreaders of this â€Å"curse† . The â€Å"curse† that he speaks of is genital disease, which was a critical job in Blake’s clip. The disease was spread from cocottes to hubbies who so gave it to their married womans. When he speaks of how the expletive â€Å"blasts the new born babies tear† ( line15 ) , he is explicating how the disease is spread from the female parent to her newborn kid. Again, as earlier in the verse form, Blake predicts no hope for even the most guiltless animals in society, the kids and babies. They are doomed before they are born, and one time born, are forced to populate in a creaky universe with nil to offer. Possibly the most persistent line of the full verse form is the last: # 8220 ; And blights with pestilences the Marriage hearse # 8221 ; ( line 16 ) . It is instead chilling the manner Blake equates matrimony with decease. Possibly non merely a societal decease ( adult females became the belongings of their hubbies ) but besides a decease by disease. Work force had really small respect for their household # 8217 ; s wellness, and associating with cocottes was a premier was of presenting disease into the household. Swift # 8217 ; s poem trades with the issue of the blazing neglect and sloppiness every bit good. An unmindful retainer miss sprinkles soil on whomever is standing neer as she mops, and alternatively of rectifying her behaviour, she perpetuates it, more and more sharply. As Swift says # 8220 ; some careless quean coquettes on you from her swab, but no so clean: you fly, invoke the Gods ; so turning, halt to inveigh ; she vocalizing, still whirls on her swab # 8221 ; ( lines 19-23 ) . Although a careless dame and a morbid hubby are really different, they illustrate the points of both Swift and Blake by demoing how much society is degraded. Peoples care nil for eachother, and live merely for their ain selfish pleasances. Blake is showing his perceptual experiences of a changed universe, molded and suppressed by human custodies. Dark abysmal word pictures of the metropolis form Blake # 8217 ; s London, every bit good as Swift # 8217 ; s. The desolation of the metropolis is more evident in Blake # 8217 ; s, nevertheless, whereas Swift seems to do visible radiation of the metropolis while integrating in writing and coarse word pictures of life in the metropolis. Swift # 8217 ; s verse form is rather detailed in its descriptions. It is possibly more amusive than Blake # 8217 ; s, utilizing light irony and awkward state of affairss to exemplify a point. This, nevertheless, does non take away from the more baleful subject of the blue and melancholic nature of the metropolis. In Swift # 8217 ; s satirical verse form, his animus towards the province of disrepair in London is evident. Yet, he did more than simply satirise, he, like Blake ( or instead Blake followed Swift ) was besides a recording equipment of historical information. Swift # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; A Description of a City Shower # 8221 ; is confusing in the grounds it gives to the province of disgust people felt for London, and the degree to which the metropolis needed betterment in sanitation, nutrient, etc. In a sense, the rubric of Swift # 8217 ; s poem doesn # 8217 ; t tantrum. Be it his dry and satiric wit or an knowing effort to misdirect the audience from the beginning, # 8220 ; A Description of a City Shower # 8221 ; contains adequate slaughter and perturbing images to justifiably be called a description of a colossal ( non to advert lifelessly ) inundation. Upon reading the rubric, one instantly expects # 8212 ; and envisions # 8212 ; a soft mizzle falling over a bustling metropolitan centre. This premise is farther reinforced by the first several lines, which paint an about sodium? ve image of a town waiting patiently under grey skies for the beads to fall. What Swift gives the reader, nevertheless, is a flood that seems 2nd merely to the Great Flood, complete with # 8220 ; blood # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; droppings, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; drowned puppies, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; dead cats. # 8221 ; Far from an guiltless spring shower, the rain described in the work is brilliant and amazing in its sheer power and destructive force. It begins lightly, as a # 8220 ; first mizzling shower # 8221 ; ( line 18 ) , but in a affair of lines, it becomes # 8220 ; immediate beads # 8221 ; and is eventually labeled a # 8220 ; flood. # 8221 ; From here, the talker begins concentrating non on the rain itself, but on the devastation it is doing. He speaks of # 8220 ; swelling doghouses # 8221 ; bearing # 8220 ; trophies # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; crud, # 8221 ; spread outing on this image to include all mode of gross outing garbage. It is after this description, after the reader is told of this abhorrent fret of refuse and clay # 8220 ; toppling d own the inundation, # 8221 ; that the verse form ends. Neither Swift nor Blake, in their verse forms, offers any solace to their disturbing images and metaphors. The terminations of the verse forms are merely every bit black as their contents, and reflect the thought of their writers. Blake # 8217 ; s short verse form, merely entitled # 8220 ; London # 8221 ; is evocative with his sentiments of the unfairnesss of his clip, and the blue societal state of affairs of many of the metropolis # 8217 ; s dwellers. The metropolis, for Blake, carries an aura of moistness, cold, listless people and societal establishments. Swift # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; A Description of a City Shower # 8221 ; achieves fundamentally the same thing, although in a more humourous mode. It does, or class, remark on the sense of entrapment and dejecting humdrum of life, the superficial concerns that bog down human being. It is striking how many of these jobs continue to blight modern society, as we have grown progressively commercial through clip. In the plants of Bla ke and Swift, we see a contemplation of about any big metropolis in Europe today, possibly minus the extreme and low poorness that we now merely associate with 3rd universe states.

Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essay Example

Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essay In order to decide if the textual integrity is essential to the play, one would examine whether the character motivations remain constant with the rest of the other characters present within the play. Their imagery, motives, word choice, and whether the speech seems to fit with Hamlets overall character. Due to the different contexts of the play (one being the Elizabethan era whilst the other being the present) it is easily arguable from a Elizabethan era viewpoint that the character of Hamlet has done the morally correct thing to society as he has waited to the right moment (when he is aware of Claudius true actions) to act upon his vengeance for his father. Hamlet has maintained his duty to family and God by not killing himself due to loathing but evening the scores in order to regain his fathers worth. On the other hand from a modern day approach the audience feels as though Hamlet should react straight away and kill Claudius. The idea of duty to God/religion has become mildly ethereal and is not as apparent as it was during the Elizabethan era. One interpretation of Hamlet is the play is about suicide. The play heart is an concentrated psychodrama that is about a prince gone mad from external pressures. He longs for the ultimate release of killing himself for several different motives depending on the situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Textual Integrity in Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Textual Integrity in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Textual Integrity in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Hamlet has the opportunity to kill himself he is seen as a coward, lacking the internal drive to go through with his deed: O, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt,/Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew,/Or that the Everlasting had not fixed/His canon gainst self-slaughter! Hamlets reason for suicide is due to the death of his father which is clear in his first soliloquy. Later on in the play he gives evidence that there are other reasons for his decided suicide. In his third soliloquy he states: For who would bear the pangs of despised love when he himself might his quietus make/with a bare bodkin? The word despised is put as unrequited and thus we are led to believe that Ophelia is the reason behind his suicidal thoughts, not the late King. The mourning of his father is a pseudo veil because he feels as though he cannot sink so low as to kill himself due to a woman. Textual integrity is the notion that the text can stand alone as a piece of work, regardless of the texts paradigms, its social and theoretical practice and its ability to be understood without reference. It exists and is understood and although other texts may add meaning to it, they themselves do not make the text. As to whether it means its ability to be received in a variety of contexts if you can say its great because its a whole thing that would work but it seems pretty vacuous. I think you can look at how another reading of Hamlet fails to maintain the textual integrity of the original i. e. if a feminist reading transforms it into something quite different say but otherwise I dont think its that helpful as a concept. There is no such thing as literature, or even Shakespeare. All these have been constructed by particular groups at particular times to serve particular interests. There is no such thing as a straightforward, objective or disinterested reading. Shakespeare is NOT timeless. Shakespeare does not transcend time, or place, or human understanding. He is to be understood in the context of the social, political and ideological and material practices and social relationships of the ideological production, and the reception of his work. For most of the new perspectives, therefore, the study of Shakespeare is a political enterprise. It was stressed by my teacher that when Shakespeare was studied, say in 1895, the assumption of traditional studies could be summarized in a short list and it was done the same by everyone. Not allowing for different perspectives or interpretations. E. g. , a feminist viewpoint, a Marxian viewpoint a Freudian psychoanalytical reading etc. ) A text is not produced by an author, but by readers, who themselves are produced by social and political forces. New perspectives frequently attempt to establish their authority by specialized vocabulary (remember this term! ) and extensive appeal to theory. As with all literature we are unable to separate ourselves from our personal interpretation and that of the writers. Works of literature usually lead to various interpretations differing from era to context to experience. Each interpretation of Hamlet brings different elements to the forefront. Without these interpretations of Hamlet one may not be able to feel as though they receive a full understanding of the play and a lack of connection may become a dislike of the play rather than a love for the tragic tale. Shakespeare possibly has his own interpretation of the play. The writer merely sets words to the page; it is our job to make them our own.

Challenges administrative assistants face and how to deal with it

Challenges administrative assistants face and how to deal with it Administrative assistants are the office superheroes. Their job includes  making sure the office is running effectively and as smooth as possible while still juggling their other duties. Great administrative assistants are an invaluable asset to any company. But sometimes they face challenges from their coworkers  whether is it being taken for granted or even being taken as a personal assistant; administrative assistants constantly have to fight these challenges in the office. Here are 5 common challenges administrative assistants face and how to deal with it effectively.Source [Quill]

Ancient Greek Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ancient Greek Religion - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The ancient Greek religion is entirely different from other religions because the same does not represent monotheism, but is symbolic of the unique characteristics of the different branches of Greek culture (say, Greek mythology, Greek gods and theology). Ancient Greek religion and mythology One can see that ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology are interconnected. Besides, this connection is based upon a number of mythical tales on the relationship between the gods and human beings. Walter Burkert opined that â€Å"The most important evidence for Greek religion remains the literary evidence, especially as the Greeks founded such an eminently literary culture† (4). When one goes through Greek mythology, one can see that most of the Greek heroes (say, Hercules, Odysseus etc), sought help from the Greek gods. Unlike other religions, ancient Greek religion provides less importance to cosmogony. On the other side, ancient Greek religion is not a single relig ion based upon a single god or the designer of all the things that can be seen in the universe. Instead, the ancient Greek religion consists of a number religious beliefs generally know as a single religion. This unique characteristic of ancient Greek religion led to different viewpoints on the creation of the universe. On the other side, most of the stories related to Greek mythology provide ample importance to warfare and the involvement of the gods in the same. For instance, the Trojan War is an important theme in Greek mythology, in which the Greek gods did extend their help to the needy. Besides, Greek mythology can be considered as the backbone of Roman literature and the origin of epic poetry. So, one cannot ignore the importance of Greek mythology and its pivotal role in the evolution of ancient Greek religion. This proves that the existence of Greek mythology is deeply indebted to the Greek gods and ancient Greek religion. Ancient Greek religion and gods As a group of relig ious beliefs based upon polytheism, ancient Greek religion possessed a number of gods/goddesses. Bernard Evslin stated that â€Å"The Greeks accepted the idea that there were many gods and that they were very near† (113). Besides, Mount Olympus is symbolic of the dwelling place of most of the Greek gods/goddesses. Among the Greek gods/goddesses, Zeus was most important. Still, the ultimate power and influence over the other gods/goddesses can be considered as a hereditary status inherited by Zeus from his forefathers. So, one can easily identify that ancient Greek religion provided ample importance to their gods/goddesses. Besides, the ancient Greeks provided certain human characteristics to their gods. For instance, the ultimate power was not vested upon any god/goddess. Instead, Greek gods/goddesses possessed families and their individual power represents the hierarchy of power. The ancient Greeks were interested in religious ceremonies and ritualistic practices/festivals. Within this context, they made use of altars to prove their loyalty and respect towards their gods/goddesses. In addition, the devotees were allowed to believe in any god. The devotees used to worship their gods/goddesses by presenting valuable objects. Daniel Ogden stated that â€Å"Sacrifice was the central act of Greek religion, but unlike a vase or a statue dedicated to a deity, a sacrifice

Music of Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music of Beethoven - Essay Example He changed the musical form but not the structure in this period. One of his quartets had 7 movements instead of 4. One sonata had 2 movements: one movement and a set of variations of the theme of the movement. His 9th Symphony, Joy to the World: was based on Schiller's Ode to Joy. He used two principle ideas: universal brotherhood through the love of God. The choral was magnificent. As one point there were 4 solo voices to sing. His late works were so intimate and intimidating. His whole life he considered music as a mode of self expression His compositions of the third period of his life were beyond the understanding of most. We do not consider the compositions avant-garde as we have heard what came afterwards. Beethoven is an excellent introduction into an avant-garde composer of his time. He did not conform to society. He adapted new forms of compositions and orchestrations. He wrote for different groups of instrumentation. He was not understood by his contemporaries; and he comp osed for himself. The last issue in which Beethoven was not affected was the patronage of royalty. Beethoven early in his life decided what he was going to compose and for whom. Most composers had patrons and as artists, they wrote what was asked of them. 19th avant-garde composers compositional or other issues. Berlioz and Liszt were contemporaries. They were forced by the times to be more than just composers. They did not have patrons. They had to work by supplying their incomes through writing (literary).

The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall Essay Fifteen undergraduates from the University of California, Los Angeles participated in this experiment. There were 8 men and 7 women, age ranging from 19 to 30 years old. All 15 participants were enrolled in a research method class and they participated in the experiment as a part of a course requirement. Design A 2 x 2 (Type of sentence x image) within-subjects factorial design was used. The two independent variables were the type of sentence and the type of image with the respective to the italicized word in the sentence. The two levels of the type of sentence were humorous and nonhumorous sentences. The two levels of the type of image were matching or nonmatching images respective to the italicized words in their sentences. Matching images depict the italicized word in their corresponding sentences. Nonmatching images did not depict the italicized words. The dependent variable was the number of italicized words correctly recalled. Materials Sentences. Two sets of 20 sentences obtained from Schidmt (1994) were used. At the humorous sentence level, the 20 sentences had the mean rate for humor ranging from 3. 08 to 4. 0. At the nonhumorous sentence level, 20 other sentences had the mean rate for humor ranging from 1. 25 to 2. 86. The intensity of humor was determined by participants using a 5-point Likert-type scale where 5. 0 was the highest humor rating. Using these two sets of sentences, four lists were created, each with 20 different sentences. Random assignment was used to determine the placement of the sentences on the lists so that the serial positions of the sentences across the four lists are different from one list to the other. The words that will be used for recall were always italicized across the four lists. Pictures. 20 Microsoft Word Clip Art images were used for the matching conditions. The images were obtained using the key words of the italicized words. For the nonmatching condition, 10 neutral key words (i. e. , sun, flower) were used to obtain the 10 images from Clip Art. The nonmatching images were randomly assigned to the sentences. Each of the four lists has the same type and number of nonmatching images. Within every list, an image only appeared once. All images were 261 pixel by 159 pixel. All images were presented centered and below its respective sentence. PowerPoint slides. Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint program were randomly assigned to show one of the four types of sentences to participants. Four different lists each with 20 sentences and 20 images were obtained. Each list has 5 humorous sentences with matching images, 5 humorous sentences with nonmatching images, 5 nonhumorous sentences with matching images, and 5 nonhumorous sentences with nonmatching images. I counterbalanced the lists to control for order effect so that the serial positions of the 20 sentences are random within each of the four lists. To control for specific item effect, I use a balance Latin square to ensure that each of the 20 italicized words from the two sets of sentences appear in each of the four experimental condition. PowerPoint slides were used to present all the instructions, lists of words and pictures, and the first five math problems. Response sheet. A 8 1/2 in. by 11 in. paper were used to write the italicized words that the participants recalled. Distractor test. 10 arithmetic math problems were used as a distractor test. The first five math problems were presented in a PowerPoint slide and the next five math problems were presented in a 8 1/2 in. by 11 in. piece of paper. The reason why the distractor task was divided into both a PowerPoint and regular written exercise was to reduce as much of the demand characteristics of the experiments as possible. Participants write the answer to all 10 math problems on the paper. Procedures Participants were randomly assigned to a computer with one of the four types of lists. The experimenter told the participants to follow the instructions on the packet of paper given to them on how to access the presentation lists and the instructions presented by the computer. The experimenters made sure that all participants got to their respective lists before telling them to begin. Participants all started together. The instructions on the computer directed the participants to look the following 20 slides and try to remember as much information as they can about the slide. Each slide was shown for 7 seconds, one after another, and a blank screen was shown for 2 seconds between each slide. After all 20 slides were shown, a new slide informed the participants that they now have five minutes to solve both the five math problems presented in the slide and five math problems on the sheet next to the computer. The experimenter announced that time was up and told the participants to stop what they were doing and were to look back at the computer for further instructions. The final slide appeared on the screen and instructed the participants to write down as many italicized words as they can remember on the recall sheet. The recall test was an unexpected recall test because the participants did not expect that they need to remember the italicized words of the sentences rather than images or the content of the sentences. In the process of counting the number of italicized word correctly recalled, I used a lenient scoring criteria. If the main meaning of the correct italicized word was written if not the exact word, it would still be counted as a correctly recalled word. For example if the correct word was cheap but cheaply was written, it would be counted as one correctly recalled word.

Shoemaker - Levy 9 :: essays research papers

Shoemaker - Levy 9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 200 million Megatons of dynamite collide with Jupiter. In July 1994 Shoemaker - Levy 9 collided with Jupiter. What is Shoemaker - Levy 9, and how was it discovered? What is Jupiter, and why did Shoemaker - Levy 9 collide with it? Can an event like this happen to Earth? I will answer these questions in this report. But let me start by telling you what Shoemaker - Levy 9 is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shoemaker - Levy 9 is a comet, a small irregular mass made up of rocks and frozen gasses. Comets follow large orbits from around the Sun to the outer corners of our solar system. A comet is so fragile that if you could hold a piece of it in your hands you could pull it apart. Comets only become visible when they get close enough to the Sun for it's heat to vaporize the comet's gasses causing a long tail called the coma. The coma of a comet can be millions of miles long. The comets themselves are only between 20 and 750 kilometers wide. Like all other objects the comet follows the law of gravity. It's orbit is decided by the largest object in the solar system, the Sun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shoemaker - Levy 9 was discovered photographically by Carolyn S. Shoemaker, Eugene M. Shoemaker, and David H. Levy on March 24, 1993. They used the Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory in California. Shoemaker - Levy 9 was named for it's discoverers and the nine indicates that it was the ninth short period comet discovered by this team. (A short period comet is a comet that has an orbit that lasts less than two hundred years.) Shoemaker - Levy 9 was confirmed by James V. Scotti of the Spacewatch Program at the University of Arizona. It was then given the designation 1993e by the International Astronomical Union's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. This designation shows that Shoemaker - Levy 9 was the fifth comet discovered in 1993. On May 22, 1993 Bureau Director Brian G. Marsdon reported that Shoemaker - Levy 9 could very well hit Jupiter by October of 1993. On October 18, 1993 Paul W. Chodas and Donald K. Yeomans reported to the American Astrono mical Society's Division of Planetary Sciences that the probability of impact of Shoemaker - Levy 9 into Jupiter was greater than 99%. They stated that the fragments would hit over a period of several days in the month of July 1994.